Changing face of Indian villages Essay

India is a land of villages. It is said that real India lives in villages. About seventy per cent of its population lives in villages. India is undergoing revolutionary changes. Its villages are not untouched by those changes. The changes are reflected in every walk of life. These changes have been brought by various agents. These include science, technology, and spread of education, advent of media in rural areas, industrialisation, urbanisation and migration. Hence the lifestyle, attitude and thinking have changed greatly in rural India. In fact these factors have combined to change the ritualistic rural society into a dynamic society. Traditionally, Hindu society has been caste ridden. Caste-based division has been prominently visible in rural India. The people of upper caste treated themselves superior to the people of lower caste. Discrimination against them was a commonplace event. People of upper caste did not eat or drink anything even touched by the lower caste people. Even they were not allowed to take water from the well used by the upper caste people. They are not allowed entrance in temples. Such unjust distinction based on caste, colour and community was widely prevalent in Indian society. But things are rapidly changing now. People do not care tor any such distinction. There is an interdependence existence in society. There is a close interaction of people of different castes, creeds and religions, among them for various purposes. The outlook of the villagers has undergone sea change. They have begun to see things in broader context. This is a good sign. The access of media has brought big changes in their life. Now they have realised the importance of education. They no longer hold back their girls from going to schools and colleges. They have begun to come out of the four walls of their homes. They have started sharing responsibility with their male counterpart. Naturally, it has a positive impact on society. Agriculture, which is the mainstay of rural economy, is also being influenced  by the winds of changes sweeping across various walks of life. It is no longer left to the mercy of Nature. The agrarian reforms, increasing application of science and technology are bringing sea changes in the faces of villages. Availability of safe drinking water and electricity has made the life of the villagers easier and comfortable. Mass media has also contributed a lot to change the life of the villages. Now rituals and superstitions have begun fading away. People have begun to see things in the light of reason and logic. There is a great awakening in the villagers. They are now politically and economically aware and sound. There is no longer casteism in rural society. These changes are likely to have good impact on overall progress of India.

Mirror mirror on the wall-cultures consequences in a value test of its own design Essay

The paper offers a critical reading of Geert Hofstede’s (1980) Culture’s Consequences using an analytical strategy where the book is mirrored against itself and analyzed in terms of its own proposed value dimensions. â€Å"Mirroring† unravels the book’s normative viewpoint and political subtext and exposes discursive interests in its research process. Making all this evident in the canonical book’s own terms, this paper communicates critical concerns across paradigm boundaries. It indicates the need to reconsider concepts and convictions that predominate cross-cultural research and to adopt norms of reflexivity that transcend existing notions of â€Å"cultural relativism.† Globalization, there seems to be a need to further these attempts at reevaluating its foundations. To a great extent, the knowledge produced in this field is still firmly rooted in the orthodoxy of functionalist, â€Å"normal† science—its positivist epistemology and objectivist rhetoric (see Burrell & Morgan, 1979). While there are a few interpretive, emically oriented case studies (e.g., Ahrens, 1996; Brannen, 2004), these generally remain a marginalized pursuit (MarschanPiekkari & Welch, 2004); studies are usually nomothetic and quantitative, with researchers posing themselves as discoverers of universal regularities and systematic causal relationships. Cultural relativism, when admitted, is seen to relate to the scientist—not to science Itself—and is accordingly â€Å"corrected† by rituals of confession, (rare) attempts to create crosscultural research teams, or various â€Å"bias control† techniques. In this vein, international management thought is evolving into quite a large body of thought— one that, despite its name, underrepresents many regions of the world in terms of authorship and topics of analysis (Kirkman & Law, 2005). Moreover, like other managerial disciplines that aspire to shape actual workplaces, its influence extends into the world of practice as well.   The book indeed entailed various substantive contributions. Apparently, as globalization progressed into the 1980s, crossing traditional boundaries, national culture could no longer be disregarded. What until then constituted a beast too â€Å"soft† or vague for the positivist epistemology of â€Å"normal† science became a focus of much interest. Hofstede, it can be said, tamed the beast— he divided it, counted it, tabled it, and graphed it. â€Å"Culture† was reduced to â€Å"values,† which were reduced to a limited set of questions on an IBM questionnaire. â€Å"National society† was reduced to â€Å"middle class rather than the working class† (1980: 56), which was reduced to IBM personnel from the marketing and service divisions. Answers were quantified, computerized, â€Å"statisticalized.† Things cultural could finally be said in â€Å"scientific† language. October Subsequently, the book promoted sensitivity to cultural diversity at the workplace (and beyond it). In addition, it undermined the widespread assumption that American management knowledge is universal and thus easily transferable across cultures, and challenged psychology’s long-standing refusal to acknowledge the relevance of culture as anything but an external variable (see Joseph, Reddy, & Searle-Chatterjee, 1990: 21; Triandis, 2004). Culture, Hofstede claimed, is a â€Å"mental programming† instilled in people’s minds—an internal variable, shaping behavior from the inside out. Thus, for organizational practice, management theory, and psychology, national culture is relevant; it does count. And as far as the scientific community of his time was concerned, he had the right numbers to prove it. There were, however, very serious critiques from the outset (e.g., Baskerville, 2003; Eckhardt, 2002; Harrison & McKinnon, 1999; Kitayama, 2002; Merker, 1982; Robinson, 1983; Schooler, 1983; Singh, 1990). In what appears to be one of the most damning critiques of the book, McSweeney claimed that â€Å"the on-going unquestioning acceptance of Hofstede’s national culture research by his evangelized entourage suggests that in parts of the management disciplines the criteria for acceptable evidence are far too loose† . Hofstede never failed to respond to the ongoing stream of criticism, defended his methodological decisions, and clarified the study’s claims and implications (e.g., 1990, 2001, especially p. 73). The debate that evolved was extensive, but it generally focused on a single question: Does Hofstede â€Å"really† capture â€Å"feminine-in-management† meets â€Å"globalization.† Business Horizons, 36(2): 71– 81. Calas, M. B., & Smircich, L. 1999. Past postmodernism? Re ´ flections and tentative directions. Academy of Management Review, 24: 649 – 671. Chandy, P. R., & Williams, T. G. E. 1994. The impact of journals and authors on international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 25: 715–728. Clegg, S. R., & Hardy, C. 1999. Introduction. In S. R. Clegg & C. Hardy (Eds.), Studying organization: Theory & method: 1–22. London: Sage. Cooper, R. 1989. Modernism, post modernism and organizational analysis 3: The contribution of Jacques Derrida. Organization Studies, 10: 479 –502. Cooper, R., Burrell, G. 1988. Modernism, postmodernism and organizational analysis: An introduction. Organization Studies, 9: 91–112. October Foucault, M. 1972. The archaeology of knowledge. (Translated by A. M. S. Smith.) New York: Pantheon. Foucault, M. 1977. Language, counter-memory, practice: Selected essays and interviews. (Edited by D. F. Bouchard.) Oxford: Blackwell. Foucault, M. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977. (Edited by C. Gordon.) New York: Pantheon. Frost, P. 1980. Toward a radical framework for practicing organization science. Academy of Management Review, 5: 501–507. Gioia, D. A., & Pitre, E. 1990. Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. Academy of Management Review, 5: 584 – 602. Harrison, G. L., & McKinnon, J. L. 1999. Cross-cultural research in management control systems design: A review of the current state. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 24: 483–506. Hart, W. B. 1999. Interdisciplinary influences in the study of intercultural relations: A citation analysis of the International Journal of Intercultural Relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23: 575–589. Hofstede, G. 1978. The poverty of management control philosophy. Academy of Management Review, 3: 450 – 461. Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G. 1983. The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2): 75– 89. Hofstede, G. 1990. A reply and comment on Joginder P. Singh: â€Å"Managerial culture and work-related values in India.† Organization Studies, 11: 103–106. Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G. 1994. Management scientists are human. Management Science, 40: 4 –13. Hofstede, G. 1996. An American in Paris: The influence of nationality on organization theories. Organization Studies, 17: 525–537. Hofstede, G. (Ed.). 1998a. Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Derrida, J. 1972. Positions. (Translated and annotated by A. Bass.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hofstede, G. 1998b. Masculinity/femininity as a dimension of culture. In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures: 3–28. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Eckhardt, G. 2002. Book review of Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (second edition). Australian Journal of Management, 27: 89 –94. Hofstede, G. 1998c. The cultural construction of gender. In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures: 77–105. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Escobar, A. 1995. Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Hofstede, G. 1998d. Comparative studies of sexual behavior: Sex as achievement or as relationship? In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures: 153–178. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Ferguson, K. E. 1994. On bringing more theory, more voices and more politics to the study of organizations. Organization, 1: 81–99. Hofstede, G. 1998e. Religion, masculinity, and sex. In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures: 192–209. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research: 463– 477. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Marschan-Piekkari, R., & Welch, C. 2004. Qualitative research methods in international business: The state of the art. In R. Marschan-Piekkari & C. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research methods for international business: 5–24. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. 1988. The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4): 4 –21. Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. 2005. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (revised & expanded 2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G., & McCrae, R. R. 2004. Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38: 52– 88. Hoppe, M. H. 2004. An interview with Geert Hofstede. Academy of Management Executive, 18(1): 75–79. Jack, G., & Lorbiecki, A. 2003. Asserting possibilities of resistance in the cross-cultural teaching machine: Reviewing videos of others. In A. Prasad (Ed.), Postcolonial theory and organizational analysis: A critical engagement: 213–232. New York: Palgrave. Martin, J. 1994. The organization of exclusion: Institutionalization of sex inequality, gendered faculty jobs and gendered knowledge in organizational theory and research. Organization, 1: 401– 431. McSweeney, B. 2002. Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith—A failure of analysis. Human Relations, 55: 89 – 118. Merker, S. L. 1982. Book review of Geert Hofstede’s Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Behavioral Science, 27: 195–197. Meyerson, D. E. 1998. Feeling stressed and burned out: A feminist reading and re-visioning of stress-based emotions within medicine and organization science. Organization Science, 9: 103–118. Jack, G., & Westwood, R. 2006. Postcolonialism and the politics of qualitative research in international business. Management International Review, 46: 481–501. Morgan, G. 1983. The significance of assumptions. In G. Morgan (Ed.), Beyond method: Strategies for social research: 377–382. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Joseph, G. G., Reddy, V., & Searle-Chatterjee, M. 1990. Ethnocentrism in the social sciences. Race & Class, 31(4): 1–26. Mumby, D. K., & Putnam, L. L. 1992. The politics of emotion: A feminist reading of bounded rationality. Academy of Management Review, 17: 465– 486. Kirkman, B. L., & Law, K. S. K. 2005. From the editors: International management research in AMJ: Our past, present, and future. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 377–386. Kirkman, B. L., Lowe., K. B., Gibson, C. B. 2006. A quarter century of Culture’s consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37: 285–320. Kitayama, S. 2002. Culture and basic psychological processes—Toward a system view of culture: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). Psychological Bulletin, Knights, D., & Morgan, G. 1991. Corporate strategy, organizations, and subjectivity: A critique. Organization Studies, 12: 251–273. Kuhn, T. 1972. The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kunda, Z. 1990. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108: 480 – 498. Kwek, D. 2003. Decolonizing and re-presenting Culture’s consequences: A postcolonial critique of cross-cultural studies in management. In A. Prasad (Ed.), Postcolonial theory and organizational analysis: A critical engagement: 121–146. New York: Palgrave. Lyotard, J.-F. 1984. The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Manning, P. K., & Cullum-Swan, B. 1994. Narrative, content, and semiotic analysis. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln Nkomo, S. M. 1992. The emperor has no clothes: Rewriting â€Å"Race in organizations.† Academy of Management Review, 17: 487–513. Oyserman, D., Coon, H., & Kemmelmeier, M. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128: 3–72. Parker, M. 1992. Post-modern organizations or postmodern organization theory. Organization Studies, 13: 1–17. Prasad, A. (Ed.). 2003. Postcolonial theory and organizational analysis: A critical engagement. New York: Palgrave Reed, M. 1992. Introduction. In M. Reed & M. Hughes (Eds.), Rethinking organizations: New directions in organizational theory and analysis: 1–16. London: Sage. Richardson, L. 1994. Writing: A method of inquiry. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research: 516 –529. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Robinson, R. V. 1983. Book review of Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Work and Occupations, 10: 110 –115. Said, E. W. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Random House. Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. 2005. Individualism: A valid and important dimension of cultural differences between nations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9: 17–31. Schooler, C. 1983. Book review of Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Contemporary Sociology, 12: 167. Academy of Management Review Singh, J. P. 1990. Managerial culture and work-related values in India. Organization Studies, 11: 75–101. Sà ¸ndergaard, M. 1994. Research note: Hofstede’s consequences: A study of reviews, citations and replications. Organization Studies, 15: 447– 456. Sorge, A. 1983. Book review of Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 625– 629. Spivak, G. C. 1988. Subaltern studies: Deconstructing historiography. In R. Guha & G. C. Spivak (Eds.), Selected subaltern studies: 3–34. New York: Oxford University Press. October Van Deusen, C. 2002. Book review of Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Business & Society, 41: 125–128. Vunderink, M. & Hofstede, G. 1998. Femininity shock: American students in the Netherlands. In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures: 139 –152. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Weaver, G. R., & Gioia, D. A. 1994. Paradigms lost: Incommensurability vs structurationist inquiry. Organization Studies, 15: 565–590. Triandis, H. C. 1993. Reviews on cultural phenomena— Cultures and organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 132–134. Westwood, R. 2004. Towards a postcolonial research paradigm in international business and comparative management. In R. Marschan-Piekkari & C. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research methods for international business: 56 – 83. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Triandis, H. C. 2004. The many dimensions of culture. Academy of Management Executive, 18(1): 88 –93. Williamson, D. 2002. Forward from a critique of Hofstede’s model of national culture. Human Relations, 55: 1373–1395. Galit Ailon (ailonsg@mail.biu.ac.il) is a lecturer in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Bar-IIan University. She received her Ph.D. from the Department of Labor Studies at Tel-Aviv University. Her research interests include organizational globalization, organizational culture, organizational theory, and managerial ideologies.

The Trauma Of Anorexia Nervosa - 953 Words

The trauma of anorexia Let’s start saying that in my family two of them had or still have anorexia: my cousin and my aunt. It has been a pain in the heart. For years, I was afraid of the magnitude of this mental disorder. Anyway, this disorder is something that intrigued me for a long time, so I am going to try to transmit the pain it can release this disorder to the family and mainly to the person who actually has it. The mental disorder, called: anorexia nervosa, is a disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image itself. Leads to a severe weight loss due to an exaggerated diet and excessive exercise. It is not associated with any previous organic disease. It usually occurs in adolescents, like my cousin, and especially in women. The disease causes changes in hormone cycles, immunosuppression with an increased risk of infections, and approximately between 5% and 18% of anorexics die from malnutrition (Aingeru). My cousin started to have it because of his boyfriend’s view over her, on the other side my aunt was a model, mirrors, pictures and the pressure of the beauty business destroyed her self-confidence. She often also suffers from bulimia, that is to eat huge amounts of food and then induce vomiting to remain thin; repeated vomiting alter electrolyte balance, producing generally hypokalemia that may affect heart function. I have researched, and I arrived to the conclusion that there is no universally accepted treatment for anorexiaShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1280 Words   |  6 PagesAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorders are classified as mental disorders and can lead to life threatening damage. It is important to manage eating disorders to prevent health effects. There are many different possibilities for patients with disorders. Common treatments for eating disorders can consists of counselor or therapists. 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The Between 1800 s And 1860 S - 2412 Words

The South in one period in time became a distinct entity away from the North. It became a separate unified entity during the Antebellum Period between 1800’s and 1860’s. This period introduces the idea that men wanted to make a difference in the world. An idea that a male will share is that of absolute authority on his own plantation. One term that can be pinned down on this is that of the yeoman farmer. A Yeomen farmer strived to become successful. Many wanted to own a huge plantation with lots of slaves. Owning a lot slaves meant that many men could relax. The term of Yeomen Farmers is introduced by Thomas Jefferson who sets a milestone for Southerners down the road. Other then Yeomen farmers being part of the Social class is that of women. Women in society are to be subjected to their husband. What the husband says for the to do it goes. Only one exception to this is that if a woman is a Southern Belle. They can be further opinionatedThe South is unified by the idea of a social class, honor, and politics. There is a class division that separates yeomen farmers and poor whites that came to sometimes became overseers of slave plantations. Poor whites are considered low on the social hierarchy in the South. Jobs of the Overseers meant that they control slaves and overlook how slaves work. If slaves are not productive they can get beat by these overseers. Masters often did not want to be over the punishment of the slaves. Overseers will whip a slave if they did not keep inShow MoreRelatedTime Line 21050 Words   |  5 PagesTimeline Part II NOTE: Before starting the Timeline project please refer to the Example Timeline Matrix document. Instructions: Complete the matrix by providing the Time Period/Date(s) in column B, and the Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History in column C. 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That tension was primarily focused on the existence of slavery in the Southern states.  Most Northern states had abolished slavery by 1850 and made a promise to the people to end slavery completely. They wanted the South to begin to become similar to the North, and to live under the concept of free labor, and not rely on slavery for productivity. The resentment for the interference ofRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution In early American history, one of the most important events that shaped the country was the Industrial Revolution. Overall, this period of technological growth in the early to mid-1800’s modernized the country and served as a bridge between the colonies and the new formation of the United States that exists today. It strengthened internal ties joining the states and increased it’s standing as a new nation. At the same time, this revolution also further divided the North

Whitman and Neruda as Grassroots Poets Essays - 1812 Words

Whitman and Neruda as Grassroots Poets â€Å"The familial bond between the two poets [Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda] points not only to a much-needed reckoning of the affinity between the two hemispheres, but to a deeper need to establish a basis for an American identity: ‘roots,’ as Neruda referred to his fundamental link with Whitman† (Nolan 33). Both Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda have been referred to as poets of the people, although it is argued that Neruda with his city and country house, his extensive travels, and his political connections, was never really â€Å"one† of the mass. Nonetheless, his work and energies went into supporting the common working man, and not the elite. By the late 1940’s Neruda had openly defined†¦show more content†¦Through their writings these poets explored the meaning of being American (North and South), and managed to evoke a feeling of oneness, of community between fellow countrymen that had been fragmented and lacking previously, due large ly to colonialism and ties to European dominance. In Poet-Chief, James Nolan writes: â€Å"It was Whitman who, above all else, infused Neruda with the courage and direction to dispel the dominant European cultural models of his own era and to look to his own American landscape and language as a source for the music, voice and persona of his poetry† (33). The term â€Å"grassroots† is additionally appropriate for the purposes of this analysis when we break down the word into its component parts. Whitman used the imagery of grass (recall his famous Leaves of Grass), whereas Neruda uses the imagery of the tree with its intertwining roots to call up a sense of connected oneness between people in general, but specifically used to unite the people of America. In his chapter â€Å"This Ecstatic Nation: Tribe, Mask, and Voice,† James Nolan explores Whitman’s and Neruda’s voice as a New World construction that ties together the diversity of their nations through the connection to geography and history. At this point it is extremely helpful to look at a brief section in which Nolan points out the similarities between Whitman’s use of grass and Neruda’s use of trees. (From Nolan 172-173): Neruda’s tree of

A Study Conducted By Andrew Wakefield - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: What Is an In Study Conducted By Andrew Wakefield? Answer: Introduction: The essay which was provided to be reviewed has an introduction that lacks clarity as well as the main central theme that the author had decided to portray. An introduction helps the reader to develop an idea about what the essay is all about. Therefore the essay should have head an introduction that should have contained the main topics of discussion which was the MMR vaccination and the autism spectrum disorder. Moreover in order to attract the attention of the reader often an interesting observation is needed to be included but no such interesting inclusion was provided. However the introduction had been successful in including a historical perspective by introducing the concept of vaccination. From the introduction, a reader cannot understand about what he is going to learn in the coming paragraphs (Reiss, 2014). An example can be provided here. The central idea of the essay had to be based on MMR vaccination and Autism. However the first paragraph which is supposed to be the int roduction should have shared information about the vaccination and the autism disorder. However no such attempt could be seen which could make the reader confused about what the author is trying to depict in the coming paragraphs. Moreover, the author had also failed to create an excitement in the reader which helps the reader to carry on with his reading. No such information creating interest or excitement could be found. Therefore only providing the historical background and the function of vaccination were not enough to provide a good quality introduction to the essay. Main body While writing the conclusion, it has been seen that the author had introduced new information which has not been discussed or stated in the essay. To be more specific, the author had incorporated the economical crisis that the parents may face while seeking for treatment of their wards suffering from measles, mumps and rubella. It is a rule that no new information should be published in the conclusion is and there should be a revision of the information already provided. Hence, it can be considered as a negative aspect for the essay. However, the author had also successfully described the motive of the essay in two lines clearly stating the conclusion that he had reached after the research and the writing of the essay. He had concluded by saying that there is indeed no connection between the subjects which was the central theme of the discussion. However the author has to be more careful in a number of aspects mainly in proper introduction and conclusion and also in referencing (Rica hrds et al., 2014). Essay content: The author had very few references in texted and there are many statement that needed to be supported by references. However references were absent that questioned the source of his claims. The claim of Japan not using the vaccination and using three different immunization technique should have been supported by an in text but was not present The main body of the essay starts with short notes on the MMR vaccines and the following paragraph is based on the Autism Spectrum Disorder. These two paragraphs have been correctly used by the author to provide a short description of the main topics so that the reader can develop knowledge about the two main themes of the essay (Juhl, 2014). This description is indeed very important for the essay as this will make the readers knowledgeable and will help them to answer the arguments or further information that will be provided in the following paragraphs. The study of Andrew Wakefield had been rightly discussed which had helped the reader to understand a number of aspects clearly. Starting from the Wakefields own research, his conclusions, how it created a storm among ordinary citizens and many others right up to the initiation of anti-vaccination culture was clearly portrayed and helped the reader to understand the strenuous situation clearly. The main body has rightly followed sequ ential track where proper connections are made into a paragraph gradually enclosing the detailed information. After successfully providing information about MMR and Autism Spectrum disorder, the reader had correctly described the work of Wakefield who has connected the two subjects describing how the latter had been the effects of the former. He had connected the information in these paragraphs with the following paragraph stating that the already mentioned information was found to be incorrect and Wakefield paper was fraudulent case. In order to support the ill effects that the paper had on the mind of the people, he had also provided a statistical analysis where it can be found that rate of immunisation was higher before the paper was published. This provided a proof how changes of mind took place in people as a result of the paper. He had also provided ample examples where he successfully portrayed that there was no link up between the two subjects. Moreover he had rightfully provided logical explanations stating which is indeed exciting and can turn the readers interest towards his explanation. He had stated that if the linkup between the two subjects were true then the number of autism after the vaccination was taken would be much higher which could have come to the notice of the medical community. However no such remarkable rise in autism cases were noted that acted as a correct logical explanation to put up his point. This kind of arguments in turn makes the readers intrigued to his essay making them develop their opinion according to the authors statement (Richards, 2014). Moreover the author had correctly backed up his logical explanation with the help of evidence based research conducted by researchers stating that it is unlikely to be any relation between the two subjects. The author had rightly connected the next paragraph describing the tensions that had been created due to the false information provided by the paper. The author had described properly about the anti-vaccination movements that had been initiated and how the movement being backed up by celebrities had resulted in creating more fuel for the fire. In order to provide strength to his statements, he had also used several incidences that discouraged the vaccination techniques. He had stated that how media as well as the movement had manipulated a large number of data in order to continue the rage and the fear that had been created by the false claims of the paper. Again, the author had not disappointed the readers as he had properly linked the paragraph of fear among the pubic with that of the anti-immunisation movement and had properly followed a sequential procedure rather than jumping to any conclusions or moving back or repeating the same information again and again. The author had prov ided good information about the factors that had resulted in developing the fear which shows that the author has not just put forward a claim but has researches thoroughly to support the claim by explaining the reasons of the fear (Suleiman Crosman, 2014). He has depicted about three reasons that had supported his claim of an environment of fear created among people. Meanwhile, he had ended the body of the essay by discussing the main concern that immunisation is much important to protect the generations form the harmful microorganisms even though they have been eradicated as any time they may be introduced due to biological warfare. Presentation: The entire presentation was made by following the APA 6th edition formatting styles as it had met the requirement of left alignment text While critically analysing the references provided by the author, it was seen that he had not provided the in text referencing in the proper manner. While performing the in text referencing, he has not mentioned the year. Mentioning the year is very important to determine the time when such research was conducted to understand how recent the researches are. More recent the articles are, there will be fewer chances that better researches have been done to overcome the conclusions made in the previously made interventions (Olney, 2014). Recent researches are more prominent and contain more up to date work and modern interventions that might have eliminated old conclusions made in older papers. In this essay, it had been seen that the author had not utilised any new articles and also the articles chosen are not published within the last five years. Most of the articles are much older than 2013 with only one article being taken from the year 2011. All the articles are older than 2010 with mostly being from the year 2005, 2008 and others. These articles are old and cannot be taken to be possessing legitimate answers as there remains high chances that different modern researches might have shown different results. Therefore it would have been more efficient; if he had selected recent papers after 2013 in order make sure that the information provided by him are the result of recent findings and that there had been no new work conflicting the results. Even researches as old as 1980 and 1998 are also used by the author who should have never been used as many researches might have been conducted by authors who have contradicted the results. Moreover, in the reference list, lots of incorrect referencing can be seen. The author had included the degree of the researchers like PHD, MD and others which is not a correct style. The reference list does not need to incorporate the degrees and positions of researchers. Moreover, the references had date written in it but reference list should only contain year and not date of publication (Reiss et al., 2014). APA 6th referencing is also not followed because the references are not in hanging styles and are also not alphabetically aligned. Written expression and style: The author had used proper academic language and had not used colloquial tones of narration. The language is also simple and easy to follow without unnecessarily the entire essay can be understood in one follow and does not require revising again for better understanding making it difficult to read and analyse. There has been very few use of Jargon and hence the writing style is appreciated (Lewis et al., 2016). However the only statement that required better presentation and language is where he mentioned the experiment of Wakefield. The last line of the paragraph was somehow difficult to understand possibly because incorrect placement of preposition and difficult sentence formation. References: Juhl, P. D. (2014).Interpretation: an essay in the philosophy of literary criticism. Princeton University Press. Lewis, H. D. (Ed.). (2016).Clarity is not enough: essays in criticism of linguistic philosophy. Routledge. Olney, J. (2014).Autobiography: Essays theoretical and critical. Princeton University Press. Reiss, K. (2014).Translation criticism-potentials and limitations: Categories and criteria for translation quality assessment. Routledge. Richards, I. A. (2014).Practical criticism(Vol. 4). Routledge. Suleiman, S. R., Crosman, I. (Eds.). (2014).The reader in the text: Essays on audience and interpretation. Princeton University Press.

Keeping America Young

Introduction The United States has a large number of elderly people in its population. This group is associated with a number of social and financial problems. Of these elderly people, a large proportion is in the category of over 65 years that is referred to as the ‘older population.’ According to the latest available data, the older population numbered 40.4 million in 2010 according to the data from the national census in the country (2010 Census 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping America Young specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This figure represented 13.1% of the population, which means that over one in eight Americans belong to this category (2010 Census 25). This figure is dynamic. It is set to change as the population of the elderly increases. This population is associated with a number of problems with the bulk of them being the financial implication on the US economy. Since the popul ation is dependent on the economy with little if any participation in the economic activities, there is a net loss in maintaining them. The cost incurred is mainly in the form of social security and health expenditure. Therefore, the essay proposes that the only way that the elderly in the United States can be of value socially and to the economy is through euthanasia since their remains will be of good use to the US younger generation and the world at large. The Elderly as a Threat to the US Economy The elderly population in the United States is associated with more problems than value to the country at large. In an indirect manner, the high population of this age group affects the lives of all the citizens in a way including the innocent children born every day. As reported in the census report, â€Å"The principal sources of income as reported by older persons in 2009 were Social Security (87% of older persons), income from assets (reported by 53%), private pensions (28%), gover nment employee pensions (14%), and 26% earnings† (2010 Census 23). This proves that the population is dependent on handouts from the other age groups to survive. In the end, billions of dollars go to waste each year. Without this population to cater for, money can be put to good use. According to the 2010 census results, 3.5 million people living below the poverty line include the population of the elderly above 65 years (2010 Census 26). The other significant problem created by having the population of the elderly in the US is the burden on the healthcare system. Persons over 65 years are twice likely to be admitted than the general population (2010 Census 23). According to the census report, â€Å"Older Americans spent 13.2% of their total expenditures on health, more than twice the proportion spent by all consumers (6.6%) in the year 2010† (2010 Census 23). An effective solution to the problem is the euthanizing of the population above 65 years and putting to good us e their remains.Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Euthanasia as the Way out Incineration should be the preferred method of carrying out the euthanasia though more methods can be used. The first effect that the euthanasia would have is reducing or ending the number of the elderly in the population along with their problems. Billions of dollars that would have been used to maintain them could then be diverted to productive areas of the economy such as agriculture, transport, security, and finance. The United States spends over 200 billion dollars each year on crude oil mainly from the Middle East and other oil rich countries (Egendorf 62). Euthanasia of the elderly in the country would reduce this cost in a number of ways. Since the population also represents a significant number of gas users, their murder would cut the use and cost by a large proportion (2010 Census 28). Another way to make their carcasses of use is through the production of bio fuels as a replacement for the crude oil. This outcome can be achieved by euthanizing them, drying their bodies, and using them to create energy. There is scientific evidence that the human body produces just the same amount of energy as half a barrel of crude oil if it were to be broken down to the smaller components (Egendorf 46). The elderly population also represents a significant proportion of the unemployed in the US (2010 Census 27). Eliminating them would reduce the unemployment thus creating a whole industry dealing with the euthanasia and fuel production. The bulk of accidents on the American roads has the population above 65 years as a leading cause (Egendorf 49) based on co-morbidities such as their poor vision, epilepsy, body weakness, and heart attacks among other medical conditions. Road security would therefore be improved by eliminating this age group. Social security funds used to keep the elderly population would contribute to economic growth of the country should the population above 65 years be eliminated. Conclusion The population of people above 65 years in the US is recorded to be high and on the increase. This alarming information represents a headache for the country. The elderly people are robbing the economy of billions of dollars each year in terms of social security, health, and other indirect costs. The solution to this problem should be euthanasia of this population. This step is expected to be of more advantage to the US economy as discussed in the paper. Works Cited 2010 Census. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping America Young specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Egendorf, Laura. An aging population: opposing viewpoints. San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Print. This essay on Keeping America Young was written and submitted by user Catherine W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.